![]() 1 This latter component is known as emphysema, and is defined as the abnormal, permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by the destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. The condition consists of chronic bronchitis, airflow obstruction and alveolar destruction. It is a heterogeneous disease predominantly caused by cigarette smoking and, in some developing economies, by the indoor use of biomass fuels for cooking in poorly ventilated homes. ![]() It is irreversible and ultimately leads to disabling breathlessness and reduced life expectancy. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive, complex inflammatory lung condition characterized by airflow limitation, sputum production and a decline in exercise tolerance.
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